Paeds Otolaryngology – Pubmed

CONCLUSION: While LLMs can generally provide accurate health information, limitations in readability and actionability restrict their practical application in public health communication. Future development should prioritize language simplification and clearer behavioral guidance to enhance their value in public-facing child health communication.

CONCLUSIONS: TBL ablation provides effective oncologic control for laryngeal dysplasia and early glottic cancer, with high rates of iterative local disease control and excellent laryngeal preservation. These findings support its role as a viable organ-preserving treatment modality with favorable intermediate-term oncologic outcomes.

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Obstructive Eustachian tube dysfunction (ETD) commonly complicates chronic otitis media (COM), yet microbial factors at the Eustachian tube (ET) openings remain poorly understood. In this prospective cohort study, we characterized the microbiota at both the middle ear (ME) and nasopharyngeal (NP) ET openings in COM patients undergoing ear surgery and examined associations with obstructive ETD over one year of follow-up. Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and functional inference, we profiled...

CONCLUSION: Computed tomography (CT)-based nasal airway measurements, particularly at the pyriform aperture and mid-nasal levels, are reliable predictors of early nasal intervention and prolonged airway support in FGFR-related craniosynostosis. These findings support the use of objective imaging thresholds to inform early airway management and family counseling.

CONCLUSIONS: PiP addresses known challenges in professionalism education by adding case-based teaching to an existing educational forum attended by both learners and faculty, and by using a consistent definition of professionalism and framework for approaching common challenges. The initiative is adaptable to other institutions seeking to incorporate small doses of professionalism teaching as part of routine educational practices.

There has been considerable growth in our knowledge of laryngeal tracheoesophageal clefts or laryngeal clefts, an anomalous communication between the airway and the esophagus. The most recent classifications separate laryngeal clefts into 4 major groups differentiated by the depth of the cleft. Presentation includes respiratory and swallowing difficulties and work up includes evaluation in and out of the operating room. Minor grade clefts may be managed in a variety of ways while higher grade...

CONCLUSION: Most obese children with severe OSA do not experience severe perioperative events. Simple polysomnographic criteria can identify very low-risk patients who may be candidates for same-day discharge planning. These findings support a more individualized approach to postoperative admission; prospective validation is needed before implementation.

Background. Post-intubation cicatricial laryngeal stenosis (PICLS) represents one of the most severe long-term complications of pediatric airway management. By systematically analyzing clinical and procedural variables across different grades of PICLS, this study addresses a critical gap in pediatric airway research and provides clinically relevant descriptive data on stenosis severity. Materials and methods. A retrospective single-center case-series study was conducted and included pediatric...

There are 2 types of pediatric nasal obstruction: anatomic and physiologic. Anatomic obstruction may be corrected surgically, whereas physiologic obstruction is best managed medically. There are those cases in which surgical correction of anatomic obstruction can enhance the efficacy of topical therapies when managing physiologic obstruction. This article aims to discuss causes and management of pediatric nasal obstruction.

The subglottic region is the narrowest part of the pediatric airway and is susceptible to stenosis both congenitally or through acquired means. Thorough evaluation and correct diagnosis of the airway pathology is critical for choosing appropriate intervention and optimizing outcomes. This review details the pathogenesis, diagnostic tools, preoperative workup, and surgical interventions for pediatric subglottic stenosis.

CONCLUSION: SpO(2) parameters correlated better with MOAHI in infants with OSA-III compared to RS. These findings question the presence of a different OSA phenotype in infants with RS. Future studies should further investigate the potential role of the different SpO(2) parameters to screen for OSA in infants.

Objective: There are limited studies that compare the outcomes of injection laryngoplasty (IL) versus observation in pediatric cardiac surgery patients with vocal fold immobility (VFI). The current study compares outcomes of VFI in pediatric cardiac surgery patients who undergo observation versus those who receive IL treatments. Methods: This is a retrospective case study of 41 pediatric cardiac surgery patients (observation 29 vs IL 12) who had postoperative VFI diagnosed by flexible...

Vascular anomalies (VAs) are rare disorders with abnormal development of blood and lymphatic vasculature and surrounding tissues. Understanding the genetic etiology of VAs guides treatment with targeted inhibitors. This study compares patterns and outcomes of genetic testing in VA populations at 2 centers. Of 421 patients (mean age, 10 years; 55.6% female), 61.7% underwent prior authorization (PA) for genetic testing, 84% had their testing approved, 93% completed the testing. About 70% of the...

CONCLUSION: This study provides a genomic profile for ONB, identifying key mutations and potential therapeutic targets. The identification of frequently mutated genes like TP53 and FRK suggests potential targets for novel therapies. The observation that certain genes are mutated in pediatric ONB but not adult ONB (and vice versa), and the presence of specific mutations in metastatic tumors that are absent in primary tumors, offers valuable insights for future precision medicine and the design of...

CONCLUSION: TP53, PIK3CA, and KMT2D mutations are prevalent in sinonasal carcinoma, highlighting potential targets for therapy. Tazemetostat, targeting KMT2D-related DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) methylation, and cetuximab, targeting the PIK3CA signaling cascade, may offer therapeutic benefits. Further research on mutation-specific therapies could improve treatment strategies.

CONCLUSION: Despite the complexity of inner ear malformations in this population, these findings contribute to the growing body of evidence supporting the use of CIs in CHARGE patients.

Introduction Epistaxis is a common complaint seen by otolaryngologists and one of the most common otolaryngological emergencies. The aim of our study is to identify educational gaps in home epistaxis management and determine the efficacy of an educational video in increasing layperson knowledge of epistaxis treatment. Methods Adults aged 18 years and older were recruited in pediatric otolaryngology clinics and online. The survey consisted of pre- and post-test questions, with a locally produced...

This study aims to evaluate the feasibility, ease of use, and diagnostic value of otoscopic images captured via low-cost smartphone-guided digital otoscopes by caregivers to inform future pediatric telehealth applications. A prospective study was conducted in an academic pediatric Otolaryngology clinic. 34 patients presenting for in-person appointments with caregivers were included. Caregivers captured images of their child's ear canals using digital otoscopes with minimal real-time, in-clinic...

Endoscopy remains the gold standard for assessing dynamic airway abnormalities in pediatric patients, but its invasiveness and variable interoperator agreement have driven interest in imaging-based alternatives. Four-dimensional computed tomography (CT) now enables objective quantification of tracheal collapse during free breathing, while photon-counting CT achieves effective doses approaching chest radiography, fundamentally altering the risk-benefit calculus for serial monitoring. MRI...

CONCLUSION: Parents agree that SDM is a good ideal for guiding consultations about adeno/tonsillectomy or tympanostomy tube surgery, but not all parents prefer the same role in decision-making. Parents are not equally aware of treatment options before or after attending a consultation, and their comfort discussing options is impacted by surgeons' behaviour. Design of SDM supports for this clinical context would beneficially include provision of information before the consultation, tools to...

CONCLUSION: Higher community distress, younger age at tracheostomy, and stay in the NICU were associated with longer delays in SV assessment. Standardized protocols and support systems are needed to ensure timely SV assessments and thus optimal physiologic, cognitive, and social development for all children with tracheostomy.

Cough is one of the most common symptoms among children. While most acute cough episodes are viral and resolve within 4 weeks, chronic cough persisting beyond 4 weeks warrants further evaluation. Pediatric-specific cough guidelines emphasizing algorithmic evaluation assist in early and accurate diagnosis for preventing long-term pulmonary complications. This article reviews evidence-based approaches to evaluating and managing acute and chronic cough in children, highlighting key diagnostic...

CONCLUSION: TXA use in managing pediatric PTH is associated with a significant reduction in reoperation rates, with both intravenous and nebulized formulations demonstrating similar effectiveness. Nebulized TXA offers practical advantages in pediatric patients and provides potential targeted oropharyngeal delivery. The available evidence is limited by retrospective study designs, small sample sizes, and risk of bias. These findings support the need for prospective studies to standardize...

CONCLUSION: Children with UHL demonstrate high sustained CI usage through 24 months. Although usage declined over time, this averaged only about 30 minutes per day. Early usage patterns appear predictive of long-term device adoption.

CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that, although IFA is useful for diagnosing RS, it lacks reproducibility and prognostic value for respiratory outcomes, highlighting the need for delivery in specialized centers.

CONCLUSION: This is the first clinical study to investigate the use of irreversible electroporation for tonsillar ablation. Irreversible electroporation shows promise as a minimally invasive procedure for reducing the size of tonsillar hypertrophy and alleviating symptoms, with negligible bleeding and significantly less pain. Multicenter studies are in progress to evaluate long-term efficacy including in children.

INTRODUCTION: Speech audiometry is widely used in routine clinical settings to assess auditory function in children. Appropriate test materials are available in languages such as English or German; however, formally validated translations do not exist in less widely spoken languages such as Hungarian. This protocol aims to describe an evidence-based process of translation, cultural adaptation and validation of a paediatric speech audiometry test from its original language into another.

Acquired subglottic cysts are retention cysts that develop as a consequence of iatrogenic trauma to the subglottic mucosa. They are most commonly observed in neonates with a history of prematurity and repeated endotracheal intubation. These cysts may lead to nonspecific symptoms of airway obstruction, such as persistent stridor. We present the case of a premature infant born at 26 weeks of gestation who developed an acquired subglottic cyst following multiple episodes of intubation for recurrent...

ObjectiveTo assess the feasibility of three-dimensional (3D) stereophotogrammetry as a tool in pediatric outpatient assessment, in exploring associations between facial morphometric parameters of children aged 2-17 years, and their risk of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) as evidenced by their Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) score.MethodsA cross-sectional study of 180 pediatric patients (aged 2-17 years) recruited consecutively from a tertiary pediatric otolaryngology clinic. 3D facial...

CONCLUSION: This consensus supports a patient- and partner-centered approach to IS. It discourages reliance on isolated acoustic data for severity grading, promotes proactive management of nasal factors, and highlights the need for individualized treatment strategies. Future research should aim to validate objective and subjective tools to further standardize care pathways for IS.

CONCLUSIONS: The reversible OAE loss observed after amplification raises concerns regarding possible cochlear overstimulation. These findings highlight the need for cautious HA strategies and close monitoring. Preserving cochlear integrity is especially relevant in view of emerging gene-based therapies that may require functional inner and outer ear structures. In selected cases, delaying or adapting amplification could be considered.

CONCLUSIONS: This case series illustrates the outcomes of newborns with micrognathia and upper airway obstruction who underwent MDO and were evaluated perioperatively by an interdisciplinary team. In this series, most patients avoided tracheostomy, and postoperative complications were minimal. These findings may inform institutional protocols for multidisciplinary patient management in MDO planning and execution.

CONCLUSIONS: Sassuolo Hospital's experience highlights favorable postoperative outcomes and low complication rates in adenotonsillar surgery. Limitations include the retrospective design, potential selection bias and long period evaluation. Prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Background: There is substantial care variation for children with croup. Our primary aim was to describe variation in croup pathways by acute care setting and hospital type among sites participating in a national quality improvement (QI) collaborative: Better Assessment and Response to Croup in Kids (BARCK).Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study, consisting of site surveys to identify site characteristics and independent review of croup clinical pathways by study physicians. Site...

INTRODUCTION: With a prevalence of around 7.6%, developmental language disorders (DLDs) without comorbidities are among the most common and most frequently treated childhood disorders. Standard DLD therapy in Germany consists of individual therapy sessions once per week within speech-language therapy practices. In reality, these sessions only take place every 10-14 days on average. Online therapy may be beneficial but is not yet standard practice in Germany. Although DLD group therapy has been...

CONCLUSIONS: Family support appears to be a key modifiable factor influencing language disparities for children with hearing loss. Targeted interventions to support families may improve language outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS: OSA was highly prevalent in this pediatric aerodigestive cohort, with increased likelihood of moderate/severe disease in females, older children, and those with genetic/syndromic diagnoses. We observed no association between OSA severity and higher medical complexity. Consequently, OSA screening can be considered in all aerodigestive children.

Pediatric vocal fold paralysis (VFP) remains challenging to diagnose and manage. Iatrogenic VFP is the most common subtype, often associated with cardiac surgeries. Unilateral VFP typically manifests as dysphonia, stridor, and feeding difficulties, while bilateral VFP usually presents with more severe stridor and respiratory distress. Flexible laryngoscopy is the gold standard for diagnosis, though vocal fold ultrasound is a reasonable alternative. Injection laryngoplasty can be a short-term...

CONCLUSIONS: Dysphagia is a common symptom in children requiring tracheostomy. Oral intake and penetration-aspiration severity improve in most children after tracheostomy. Clinicians should be cognizant of persistent swallowing dysfunction after tracheostomy to prevent the respiratory and nutritional consequences of dysphagia.

CONCLUSIONS: Children with asthma and LC demonstrate greater respiratory morbidity and health care utilization, both before and after LC repair. Multidisciplinary care and targeted asthma management remain essential even after anatomical correction.

We describe an endoscopic-assisted transcervical technique for excision of second branchial cleft anomalies in young children. In three cases (ages 2-8), this approach allowed safe identification and ligation of the tracts while providing improved visualization and allowing smaller incisions. Endoscopic assistance may be an effective alternative to traditional wide transcervical excision.

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CONCLUSIONS: T&A improves SE and resolves OSA for many pediatric patients. However, a subset experiences worsening SE, particularly those with comorbidities like DS. These findings highlight the importance of individualized postoperative care and the need for further research into predictors of T&A outcomes in pediatric OSA.

CONCLUSION: Age-related differences in sleep parameters exist in children with oSDB and persist despite surgical intervention. These findings suggest that age and obesity continue to play crucial roles in sleep architecture, warranting further investigation.

Congenital laryngomalacia is the most common cause of infant stridor and arises from interacting structural, neuromuscular, and inflammatory mechanisms that produce dynamic supraglottic collapse. Disease severity spans mild stridor to significant obstruction, aspiration, and failure to thrive, often influenced by comorbid medical conditions. Diagnosis relies on flexible laryngoscopy supported by instrumental swallowing studies and microdirect laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy when indicated. Most...

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CONCLUSIONS: These cases illustrate the diagnostic complexity of pediatric tonsillar pathology and emphasize the need to maintain a broad differential diagnosis for tonsillar lesions. Thorough histopathological evaluation and transparent communication with patients and their families are essential for enhancing patient-centered care.

Nasal bridles have been used with increasing frequency and can be deployed at bedside. They are effective in reducing dislodgement of nasogastric tubes in the hospital setting and may increase caloric intake. Adverse events associated with device malfunction or improper use can occur and have a detrimental effect on patients. This study utilized the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience (MAUDE) database to explore patient-related adverse events...

CONCLUSION: Temporal bone rhabdomyosarcoma in children should be considered in the differential diagnosis of persistent otologic symptoms, particularly when associated with facial nerve palsy or a poor response to standard therapy. Early imaging and biopsy are essential for early diagnosis and improved outcomes.