Lung/Thoracic Oncology – Pubmed

INTRODUCTION: Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) has demonstrated significant clinical utility in the localization of infectious foci, yet its application in nephrolithiasis-associated renal infections remains underexplored.

CONCLUSIONS: Lower baseline QoL is associated with increased mortality risk, indicating that higher QoL is protective and associated with improved survival. Standardized methodologies are needed to address heterogeneity and enhance evidence quality. Findings may vary by disease stage; stage-stratified estimates were rarely reported.

CONCLUSION: This study identified five 3DCRGs (SMC3, RAD21, FOXM1, MYBL2 and MTA3) that significantly influence postoperative recurrence in early-stage LUAD, Sorafenib treatment response in advanced tumors, and clinical staging. These genes are enriched in TPCs and may promote tumor evolution and therapeutic resistance by coordinating stemness maintenance and metabolic-immune crosstalk. Our findings highlight the significance of chromatin 3D architecture in LUAD and provide a theoretical...

CONCLUSION: Serum metabolomic profiles are closely linked to clinical outcomes in advanced NSCLC treated with pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy. Key metabolites - particularly BCAAs, lipids, and inflammatory markers - emerge as promising non-invasive biomarkers for predicting progression and survival.

Objective: Studies on the comprehensive utility of complete blood count-derived inflammatory biomarkers (CBC-IBs) as biomarkers in pembrolizumab-treated advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are scarce. This study aimed to investigate the clinical relevance of a panel of CBC-IBs as potential predictive biomarkers and assess whether integrating the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) with programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression could overcome the limitations of PD-L1 as a...

CONCLUSIONS: EBC-based cfRNA profiling provides a feasible, non-invasive approach for molecular characterization of advanced lung adenocarcinoma. Among the genes examined, PIK3CA showed the strongest diagnostic signal, FGFR2 demonstrated prognostic significance, and EGFR showed the clearest cross-sample concordance and treatment-associated relevance. Larger independent validation studies are required before clinical implementation.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the most prevalent form of lung malignancy, remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality despite advances in surgery, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. A growing body of evidence implicates the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) as a critical determinant of disease progression, immune evasion, and therapeutic resistance. This review synthesizes current insights into the roles of innate and adaptive immune populations-including tumor-associated...

CONCLUSION: In ANNA1/Hu-IgG PNS, faster progression of disability and greater risk of mortality is associated with limbic encephalitis at onset, suggesting a potentially modifiable factor for early intervention. Patients with SCLC and ANNA1/Hu-IgG PNS survived longer than patients with SCLC without PNS, suggesting a survival advantage of paraneoplastic autoimmunity.

Circulating Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts (cCAFs) have been identified in circulating tumor cell clusters from all stages of disease progression in breast cancer patients. We have shown that CAFs promote lung metastases in the mouse tail vein model when they are clustered with triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) MDA-MB231 cells. Following on this observation, we saw that MDA-MB231-luciferase labeled cells persist at higher levels when present in CAF23/MDA-MB231 co-clusters compared to MDA-MB231...

Despite revolutionizing oncology, PD-1/PD-L1-directed immune-checkpoint blockade (ICB) is limited by primary or acquired resistance that is routinely countered-without mechanistic clarity-by empiric rechallenge. Here, we identify substrate-based protein kinase C (PKC) activity as a prognostic biomarker in non-small cell lung cancer and a therapeutic target in anti-PD-1-refractory tumors. Pan-PKC inhibition overcomes anti-PD-1 resistance by inducing Caspase-3/GSDME-dependent immunogenic...

Objectives: Genetic risk models have substantially advanced our understanding of germline pathogenic variants (GPVs) in some malignancies, whereas their clinical significance in lung cancer remains unclear. The present study aimed to better understand potential contribution of GPVs to lung cancer etiology. Methods: A targeted sequencing panel of 143 cancer-related genes was applied to analyze 26 distinct lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) tumors from 11 patients histopathologically diagnosed with...

ALOX15 exerts tumor suppressor in numerous cancers. However, the role of ALOX15 in lung cancer is scarcely reported. This study aimed to investigate the role of ALOX15 in lung cancer. GSE225620 was used to analyzed the differentially expressed genes in lung cancer patients treated with 5-FU. Gene expression was determined using RT-qPCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence. Ferroptosis markers were analyzed using ELISA assays. Cytokine release was determined using flow cytometry. Cellular...

CONCLUSION: Radiotherapy is associated with improved survival outcomes in stage III PLCNEC patients receiving chemotherapy, whereas its role in stage IV disease appears more context-dependent and warrants individualized consideration. The proposed nomograms provide complementary prognostic information to support individualized clinical decision-making.

BACKGROUND Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a key driver gene in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are the standard treatment for classical mutations, including exon 19 deletion and exon 21 L858R. However, the optimal treatment for rare EGFR exon 14 mutations remains unclear. CASE REPORT We report the case of a 58-year-old Chinese woman with advanced NSCLC. She was initially treated with icotinib for an EGFR exon 21 L858R mutation but the...

The study aimed at comparing the effectiveness of open thoracotomy (OT), video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS), and robot-assisted thoracic surgery (RATS) for anatomical lung resection in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer. We conducted a multicenter cohort study across eight hospitals in the Milan health authority, including patients undergoing lobectomy or segmentectomy in 2016-2021 (retrospective) and 2023-2025 (prospective). Inverse probability weighting was used to estimate...

We identified an important oncogenic role for protocadherin 7 (PCDH7), a cell surface protein frequently overexpressed in lung adenocarcinoma and associated with poor clinical outcome. Pcdh7 depletion reduces tumor burden and prolongs survival in Kras^(LSL-G12D); Tp53^(fl/fl) mice. These findings nominate this cell surface protein as an actionable therapeutic target and highlight the therapeutic potential of PCDH7 inhibition for non-small cell lung cancer. We report the development and...

CONCLUSIONS: Real-world survival in ES-SCLC improved over 25 years. ICI exposure was independently associated with improved OS, as well as in clinically high-risk subgroups.

CONCLUSIONS: CGP testing can identify actionable mutations missed by conventional diagnostics and may provide additional therapeutic opportunities in NSCLC.

BACKGROUND: Smoking cessation is a healthcare priority, particularly for those at high risk for lung cancer; however, referrals to smoking cessation programs remain inconsistent.

CONCLUSIONS: In patients with ED-SCLC, the absence of weight loss before and during chemotherapy was associated with longer OS and fewer gastrointestinal toxicities. These findings underscore the importance of early supportive care to prevent weight loss, including proactive management of gastrointestinal toxicities during chemotherapy.

Lung diseases, particularly lung cancer, remain a leading cause of mortality worldwide, accounting for approximately 1.8 million deaths annually. Early and accurate diagnosis is critical for improving patient outcomes. This study also introduces a unified platform for evaluating multiple convolutional neural network architectures and comparing them to a Vision Transformer model while utilizing a common tensor-based preprocessing pipeline for classifying lung cancer with CT/PET-CT imaging. To...

Cell targeting/permeabilization, organelle/biochemical pathway regulation, and drug resistance/metastasis/immunological expressions are considerations to advance cancer nanomedicine design. This study modulated mitochondria-targeting YKWYYRGAA (P1) peptide, into a multifunctional excipient via N-methylation and N-dimethylation, to synergise nano-chitosan conjugate in drug delivery and non-small cell lung cancer treatment. The spray-dried chitosan nanoparticles developed from P1, N-methylated...

CONCLUSIONS: This mixed-methods study provides valuable insight into the practice patterns and perceptions of PCPs, respirologists and radiologists regarding ILAs. Given the anticipated increase in ILA detection, we have conducted a needs assessment that will be foundational to building standardised care pathways for ILAs.

Regulatory T cells (Treg) play immunosuppressive roles in lung cancer and are key biomarkers in cancer immunology. Using scRNA-seq and stereo-seq, we aimed to identify a novel circulating Treg subtype in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We developed a regional overlap-expression rate (rOER) system with cell identity marker gene panels (ciMGPs) to quantify T cell subtype specificity across pre/post-operative blood, 31 diseases, and in 17 organs. A Treg subtype (Treg^(fci),...

Mast cells are emerging players in malignant conditions, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly defined. Based on previous studies showing that steroids can impact on tumour progression in various settings, we here investigated whether mast cell-derived steroid synthesis can have an impact on tumour metastasis in a melanoma model. To this end, we used mice with mast cell-specific ablation of Cyp11a1, a key enzyme in steroid synthesis. We show that lung colonization of melanoma...

CONCLUSION: Anlotinib combined with ICIs demonstrated improved OS compared to single-agent chemotherapy with acceptable safety profile in elderly patients with ES-SCLC. These real-world findings were hypothesis-generating and required confirmation in prospective trials.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: This study examined lung cancer patients' diagnostic pathways, focusing on first healthcare contact, general practice events, referral choice, and stage at diagnosis.

CONCLUSIONS: In this study, gut microbial functional profiles consistently outperformed taxonomic features in predicting ICI response in patients with NSCLC. These findings suggest that metabolic pathway-based signatures may capture functional microbiome-host interactions more effectively and hold greater promise as translatable, safer targets for precision intervention, particularly through metabolite-oriented strategies.

CONCLUSION: A single-cell phenotype-guided macrophage risk score, SAMRS, was developed for prognostic stratification and immunotherapy response assessment in LUAD. TIMP1-related regulatory programs may contribute to macrophage-associated tumor progression.

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive subtype of lung cancer with poor long-term survival. It is highly sensitive to chemotherapy and radiation therapy upfront, but rapidly develops acquired treatment resistance, even with the addition of checkpoint inhibitor therapies. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a rapidly emerging class of therapeutics consisting of a targeting antibody linked to a cytotoxic payload, which can deliver these potent chemotherapies directly to the tumor sites....

CONCLUSION: This case suggests that ivonescimab monotherapy can achieve disease control with an acceptable safety profile in an elderly, heavily pretreated NSCLC patient with EGFR-TKI resistance and malignant pericardial effusion. It may represent a viable treatment option for this challenging population.

CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate the clinical utility of an autoantibody signature targeting cuproptosis-related proteins for NSCLC diagnosis and prognosis.

CONCLUSION: Perceived social support was significantly associated with healthy lifestyles among young and middle-aged patients undergoing lung cancer surgery. Health literacy, cancer experience, and control efficacy played mediating roles in this association. Early identification and interventions targeting these factors may enhance patients' adoption of health-promoting behaviors.

CONCLUSION: In patients who underwent segmentectomy or lobectomy for cT1a-b N0 M0 lung cancer and postoperative N1-upstaging, no difference in survivals was seen in our cohort.

CONCLUSION: The integration of CT radiomics features, CT subjective features, and clinical information can effectively predict VPI in NSCLC patients, thereby facilitating clinical decision-making.

Understanding and predicting the eco-evolutionary dynamics of cancer requires identifying mathematical models that best capture tumor growth and treatment response. In this study, we fit a family of two-population models to in-vitro data from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), tracking drug-sensitive and drug-resistant cells under varying environmental conditions. The dataset, originally presented by Kaznatcheev et al., includes conditions with and without the drug Alectinib and...

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this cohort study of patients with NSCLC, the 3 + 1 rule was not associated with increased postoperative complications. This study's findings suggest support for the continued use of this strategy in terms of overall safety profile.

While immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionised cancer treatment, they can cause immune-related adverse events, including thyroid dysfunction and rarely, thyroid storm. Here, we present a rare case of thyroid storm occurring during ICI therapy, in which clinical and immunological findings strongly suggested Graves' disease. A man in his 80s with advanced lung cancer was hospitalised for multiple rib fractures. During admission, he developed fever, delirium, atrial fibrillation and...

A man in his early 70s with a prior history of high-grade urothelial carcinoma presented with a large left upper lobe lung mass detected on imaging. Endobronchial biopsy demonstrated non-small cell carcinoma with squamoid morphology and diffuse p40 positivity, supporting an initial diagnosis of primary pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma. The patient received neoadjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy and immunotherapy without a significant radiographic response. Subsequent lobectomy revealed a...

Patients diagnosed with limited-stage small cell lung cancer (LS-SCLC) face dismal long-term outcomes, as relapse occurs frequently even after standard concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Integrating immune checkpoint blockade into chemoradiotherapy regimens may enhance sustained disease control, yet prospective evidence for this strategy in LS-SCLC remains sparse. In this single-arm phase II study, we investigated sintilimab in combination with concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) among LS-SCLC...

Objective: Osimertinib can selectively inhibit both epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) sensitizing and T790M gatekeeper mutations, and has shown remarkable therapeutic effects in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. However, almost all patients inevitably develop drug resistance. Herein, we sought to clarify the roles of exosomal lncRNA H19 in modulating osimertinib resistance, focusing on the PI3K-PTEN-Akt signaling axis. Methods: Functional assays, including cell viability assay, colony...

Pulmonary spindle cell tumors are aggressive neoplasms with limited systemic treatment options, although a subset may harbor actionable genomic alterations. Because conventional fusion assays may miss rearrangements involving atypical or previously uncharacterized partners, we systematically investigated oncogenic fusions in pulmonary spindle cell tumors using anchored multiplex PCR-based targeted RNA sequencing. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor samples from 11 surgically resected...

First-generation RAS inhibitory drugs have failed to live up to expectations in the clinic, but a preclinical study of a combination of two ON-state RAS inhibitors, one mutant-selective and one targeting all RAS forms, shows greatly reduced development of drug resistance. Most strikingly, this RAS inhibitor doublet combines very effectively with immune checkpoint blockade, leading to complete immune elimination of even highly refractory cancers with immune-cold tumor microenvironments,...

CONCLUSIONS: This study provides a comprehensive characterization of the gut microbiome in LUAD and develops a diagnostic model based on microbial biomarkers, which is validated across regionally diverse cohorts, highlighting its potential as a reliable and non-invasive screening tool for LUAD.

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) represent a rapidly advancing therapeutic class in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), offering targeted delivery of cytotoxic agents to tumor cells while minimizing off-target toxicity. In recent years, several ADCs have emerged in both early (phase 1-2) and late (phase 3) clinical development, reflecting a growing recognition of their potential to improve outcomes in defined subsets of patients with advanced NSCLC. Late-phase ADCs include...

CONCLUSIONS: Our results highlight that both hypoxia and therapeutic pressure modulate tumor progression in a complex, context-dependent manner.

CONCLUSION: In this ecological analysis, residential radon exposure was not associated with annual lung cancer incidence but was linked to tumour histology and stage at diagnosis. Given the ecological design and lack of smoking and occupational exposure data, these findings are hypothesis-generating and warrant further investigation to clarify radon's role in lung cancer biology and prevention.

CONCLUSIONS: Envafolimab combined with Rh-endostatin demonstrated favorable efficacy and tolerable toxicity in patients with PD-L1-positive, advanced driver-gene negative NSCLC.

CONCLUSIONS: The findings underscore the potential of palmitoylation-associated lncRNAs as independent prognostic markers for patients with LUAD, paving the way for more personalized treatment approaches. Future studies should further explore their biological mechanisms.

CONCLUSION: ΔHU measurement during TCNB may serve as a quantitative biomarker with potential to differentiate malignant from necrotic or inflammatory thoracic lesions. Incorporating ΔHU may provide additional information that could enhance diagnostic confidence and guide biopsy targeting, although prospective studies are needed to confirm its impact on clinical decision-making.