Diagnostics/Radiology- Pubmed

CONCLUSION: This study integrated multiple independent diagnostic predictors of CRC and developed an internally validated diagnostic nomogram with good discrimination and calibration in this single-center retrospective cohort.

CONCLUSION: This study estimated the cost for diagnosis and treatment of localised PCa according to national clinical guidelines for PCa control and management. The costs increased with each risk category of the cancer. The study highlights the need for policy-makers to increase early detection and management, to reduce the need for high-cost interventions.

CONCLUSION: The findings of this study suggest that, under the conditions and analytical limitations of the present study, no significant association was observed between urinary microplastic concentration and urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Further clarification of the potential relationship between bladder cancer and urinary microplastic levels requires larger-scale studies.

Purpose To establish molecular-structural mismatch indexes and explore their potential for the preoperative risk stratification of individuals with pediatric neuroblastoma. Materials and Methods In this prospective study, 102 pediatric individuals with suspected neuroblastoma were initially enrolled and underwent structural MRI and amide proton transfer (APT) MRI from April 2019 to November 2023. A four-pool Lorentzian fitting model was employed to minimize motion artifacts and extract the APT...

INTRODUCTION: Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) has demonstrated significant clinical utility in the localization of infectious foci, yet its application in nephrolithiasis-associated renal infections remains underexplored.

CONCLUSION: This single-institution molecularly reclassified series highlights clinically relevant differences between intraventricular and extraventricular pediatric supratentorial ependymomas in presentation, surgical complexity, and treatment burden. Our findings support maximal safe resection as the central therapeutic strategy while emphasizing the value of integrated molecular diagnostics and prolonged surveillance, particularly in light of late recurrence and secondary neoplastic events.

CONCLUSION: Urbanicity and education were the primary drivers of mammography screening disparities in Tennessee. To improve early diagnosis and outcomes, interventions should prioritize educational outreach, poverty reduction, insurance expansion, and improved geographic access, via mobile units or telehealth, targeting remote cold-spot tracts.

CONCLUSION: Failure to diagnose retinoblastoma represents the most common context in which malpractice litigation arises in pediatric patients. However, few cases were identified in this study, which may be due to the settlement of these cases out of court. Although retinoblastoma is a condition primarily diagnosed in the pediatric population, our analysis shows that many different specialties are potentially involved during litigation. This highlights the importance of retinoblastoma education...

Lymphatic malformations are benign disorders of the lymphatic system and represent a rare diagnosis in adulthood, particularly when involving the breast. This report describes the case of a 64-year-old patient referred to our service with two suspicious masses located in different areas of right breast. Imaging studies reinforced the suspicion of malignancy, and further investigation was conducted with an ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy, which confirmed the diagnosis of lymphatic...

CONCLUSION: Plasma ctDNA serves as a non-invasive biomarker for systemic metastatic risk, whereas CSF ctDNA provides superior prognostic value for intracranial disease. Using these biomarkers together in a clinical workflow could enhance risk assessment and guide treatment decisions in patients with brain metastases.

CONCLUSIONS: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for certain pineal region tumors is a safe and effective means to decrease tumor volume. While we believe this reduction in tumor size facilitates subsequent resection, further multicenter studies are needed.

CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrated that adenosine A2A, A2B, and A3 receptors were differentially expressed between ovarian tumors and paired non-tumor tissues, and that ADORs may be clinically useful biomarkers for diagnosis and outcome prediction in ovarian cancer.

CONCLUSIONS: Low-T1-signal bone lesions are typically benign in the absence of aggressive features or extraskeletal metastatic disease. Primary malignant osseous spine tumors are very rare, with none present in our cohort. The Society of Skeletal Radiology Bone Reporting and Data System suggested follow-up timing may not be appropriate for spine lesions, given the increased prevalence of both benign and metastatic lesions relative to primary bone tumors. Six to 12 weeks may be more reasonable...

Endogenous hypercortisolism remains a high-stakes diagnostic challenge in which delays or misclassification drive excess morbidity and mortality. This chapter synthesizes an evidence-based, physiology-anchored approach to the differential diagnosis of ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome, integrating clinical phenotyping, first-line biochemistry, dynamic testing, imaging, and invasive confirmation. We first outline bedside features that raise or lower the pre-test probability of Cushing disease...

CONCLUSIONS: EBC-based cfRNA profiling provides a feasible, non-invasive approach for molecular characterization of advanced lung adenocarcinoma. Among the genes examined, PIK3CA showed the strongest diagnostic signal, FGFR2 demonstrated prognostic significance, and EGFR showed the clearest cross-sample concordance and treatment-associated relevance. Larger independent validation studies are required before clinical implementation.

Background: Claudin 18.2 (CLDN18.2) has become a clinically relevant therapeutic target in gastric adenocarcinoma (GC), with zolbetuximab now approved for use in CLDN18.2-positive, HER2-negative advanced disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence, intratumoral reproducibility, and clinicopathologic associations of CLDN18.2 expression in a Western cohort of resected GC. Methods: CLDN18.2 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 204 resected GCs arranged in tissue...

Mild autonomous cortisol secretion (MACS) is the most frequent hormonal alteration identified in patients with adrenal incidentalomas and is characterized by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-independent cortisol hypersecretion in the absence of specific clinical features of Cushing syndrome. Growing evidence indicates that even mild degrees of cortisol excess are associated with increased cardiometabolic morbidity, including hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and obesity, as...

Periprostatic adipose tissue (PPAT) is a potential factor closely associated with prostate cancer (PCa) development. This study aimed to introduce normalized PPAT thickness, a novel imaging biomarker, as a PCa predictor for patients within the diagnostic 'double gray zone', defined as the combination of Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) score 3 lesions and serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels of 4-10 ng/mL. A total of 219 patients were retrospectively enrolled. PPAT...

Checkpoint kinase 2 is a moderate-penetrance cancer susceptibility gene associated with increased colorectal cancer risk. Recent guideline updates recommend average-risk colorectal cancer screening for carriers; however, real-world colonoscopy data remain limited. We performed a retrospective review of individuals with confirmed pathogenic or likely pathogenic checkpoint kinase 2 variants identified through an institutional hereditary cancer registry from 2011 to 2024. Colonoscopy and pathology...

CONCLUSION: Routine baseline CT imaging did not detect recurrences, while routine imaging during adjuvant nivolumab identified the majority of recurrences. The gradual decline in disease-free survival suggests that recurrences are distributed over time, supporting a routine imaging interval, such as every 3 or 4 months as used in our study. These real-world data may help inform clinicians, and future studies can further evaluate optimal imaging intervals.

IntroductionCervical cancer prevalence and incidence are high in sub-Saharan Africa, especially in Uganda, where screening rates are low, despite government policy recommending screening for all women aged 25-49 every three years. Most prior research focuses on client-related barriers to screening, including women's fears about the screening procedure, lack of partner support, and community-level stigma. Fewer studies elaborate on inner context factors related to health care systems, facilities,...

Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) has emerged as a clinically actionable biomarker for the management of colorectal cancer (CRC). Improvements in analytical accuracy and sequencing depth have expanded the role of ctDNA from early cancer detection to include molecular profiling of advanced disease, postoperative risk stratification, and real-time evaluation of therapeutic response and resistance. In screening and early detection settings, ctDNA-based assays integrating mutation analysis, methylation...

Lung diseases, particularly lung cancer, remain a leading cause of mortality worldwide, accounting for approximately 1.8 million deaths annually. Early and accurate diagnosis is critical for improving patient outcomes. This study also introduces a unified platform for evaluating multiple convolutional neural network architectures and comparing them to a Vision Transformer model while utilizing a common tensor-based preprocessing pipeline for classifying lung cancer with CT/PET-CT imaging. To...

Our global climate is changing-increasing the frequency, intensity, and duration of extreme-weather related disasters-with direct consequences on human health. These extreme weather-related events are not only environmental crises-they are health system crises. Cancer care-from prevention to diagnosis, treatment, survivorship, and end-of-life care-is particularly affected by extreme weather events because of complex, time-sensitive, infrastructure-dependent, multidisciplinary, and...

Mortality and morbidity rates remain high in head and neck cancer (HNC). Novel radiopharmaceuticals, injectable therapies, advances in systemic therapy, including novel immunomodulators and cell-based therapies, and system-level changes to address widening global disparities are promising contemporary avenues. Advances are clearly needed to improve outcomes in this disease, but equally important is implementation that maximizes clinical benefit for common and unique subtypes and addresses needs...

CONCLUSIONS: This study developed and internally evaluated a high-performance, metabolomics-based ML model for early GC detection using a four-metabolite serum signature. The approach provides a non-invasive and interpretable diagnostic strategy with promising clinical potential.

CONCLUSIONS: FOBT use in the inpatient and ED settings has limited diagnostic yield for CRC or evaluation of gastrointestinal bleeding and is associated with significantly higher downstream healthcare utilization and cost. Institutional guidelines and decision support tools are needed to curtail inappropriate FOBT use and promote evidence-based care.

Considerable advancements in cancer screening, diagnosis, treatment, and survivorship care have led to improved outcomes for millions of people with cancer. Unfortunately, equity in the benefits of these improvements has not been realized for many patient groups, and barriers to disparities research and the goal of health and healthcare equity continue to grow. This Special Collection is comprised of cutting-edge cancer disparities research focusing on a number of community, patient, and...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: This study examined lung cancer patients' diagnostic pathways, focusing on first healthcare contact, general practice events, referral choice, and stage at diagnosis.

Oncology nurses support cancer prevention and early detection, particularly for uninsured and underinsured women who face barriers to screening. Programs like the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program an.

CONCLUSION: Tissue miR-221, miR-143, and miR-22 are consistently downregulated in intracranial meningioma and demonstrate clinically meaningful diagnostic performance, with miR-221 showing the highest discriminatory accuracy. These findings support the potential integration of miRNA assays into tissue-based diagnostics and warrant multicenter validation to refine cut-off values and evaluate prognostic utility.

Background Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) Nonradiation Treatment Response Algorithm (TRA) version 2024 (v2024) was recently introduced following version 2017 (v2017) to standardize the assessment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after nonradiation local-regional therapy (LRT). However, a comparison of their accuracy across imaging modalities has not yet been performed. Purpose To compare the diagnostic accuracy of LI-RADS Nonradiation TRA v2024 with that of LI-RADS TRA v2017...

Background Despite growing research interest in focal therapies for localized prostate cancer (PCa) tumors, no large cohort studies have evaluated the oncological outcomes of US-guided transperineal focal laser ablation (TPLA). Purpose To evaluate the 12-month oncological outcomes of MRI-directed US-guided TPLA in patients with localized PCa. Materials and Methods Patient data from four centers in Europe and the United States (May 2018 to July 2023) were retrospectively analyzed. Single-fiber or...

Paraneoplastic syndromes are complexes of symptoms that can arise as a result of an immune response to an underlying malignancy. Various types of paraneoplastic syndromes exist: endocrine, metabolic, dermatological, rheumatological, hematological, and neurological. These syndromes occur more frequently than we might think, but their incidence varies greatly depending on the syndrome and the type of cancer. They can be difficult to recognize due to the wide variety of symptom complexes, and are...

Gastric cancer (GC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with therapeutic efficacy often hindered by late-stage diagnosis, chemoresistance, and the immunosuppressive tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). This review systematically evaluates the current clinical landscape and emerging breakthroughs in nanomedicine-based interventions for GC. We discuss how unique pathological features of the GC microenvironment such as hypoxia, acidity, and dense stroma-are leveraged to...

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is a rare T-cell neoplasm with geographic clustering, associated with human T-lymphotropic virus1 (HTLV-1), an oncoretrovirus. Clinical presentation is variable, and diagnosis can be challenging in atypical cases. We describe a 61-year-old man with aggressive CD4/CD8 double-positive T-cell lymphoma involving lymph nodes and bone marrow with circulating lymphoma cells. HTLV serology was positive, confirmed by western blot. However, due to the unusual...

In The Netherlands, no national prostate cancer (PCa) screening program exists, despite evidence that screening can reduce mortality and metastasis. Overdiagnosis, a primary concern, is considered too detrimental to justify population-based screening. However, individual early detection through PSA testing is widely practiced, particularly in older men who may derive limited benefit. Variations in patient access to information, health literacy, and general practitioners' screening policies,...

CONCLUSIONS: This mixed-methods study provides valuable insight into the practice patterns and perceptions of PCPs, respirologists and radiologists regarding ILAs. Given the anticipated increase in ILA detection, we have conducted a needs assessment that will be foundational to building standardised care pathways for ILAs.

Background Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) uses 1-mm slices, resulting in a larger number of images and longer interpretation times than conventional digital two-dimensional mammography. Slab reconstruction technologies address this challenge by generating thicker slices, thereby reducing the number of images requiring review, improving efficiency, and lowering storage demand. Purpose To compare the diagnostic accuracy of screening DBT before and after the implementation of artificial...

The phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT-mTOR pathway plays a central role in cellular growth and survival, and somatic activating variants in PIK3CA cause PIK3CA-related overgrowth spectrum (PROS). Because these variants arise postzygotically, affected individuals exhibit somatic mosaicism, making molecular diagnosis challenging, particularly when only peripheral blood is available. We report an infant with PROS presenting with hemimegalencephaly, facial infiltrating lipomatosis, epidermal...

CONCLUSION: Brain metastasis remains rare in pediatric solid tumors. Most patients died from extracranial disease progression rather than cranial relapse. Radiotherapy can effectively relieve symptoms and may delay the progression of brain metastasis. Guidelines may help optimize the treatment of patients with brain metastasis.

Orbital tumors are diverse and relatively rare. Imaging studies such as MR imaging, computed tomography (CT), PET/CT, and ultrasound are essential for narrowing the differential diagnosis before surgery. The specific surgical approach for orbital tumors depends on location of the mass, size, and proximity to important orbital structures. The authors advocate close collaboration between the neuroradiologist and the orbital surgical team through weekly or monthly teaching and planning conferences...

Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly being applied to medical imaging; however, the evidence base for endoscopic ultrasonography-based AI (EUS-AI) remains limited. We conducted a structured literature search (PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library) for studies on AI for the diagnosis of pancreatic diseases using EUS images. Overall, 1 detection and 17 classifications of pancreatic tumors, 4 classifications of cystic lesions, and 4 focused on parenchymal or station recognition were reported...

The orbit is a complex anatomic space containing functionally important structures, including the eye, optic nerve, and extraocular muscles. Tumors of the orbit are notably varied in presentation and histologic type and can be challenging to identify, diagnose, and treat secondary to the functional importance of the eye and its surrounding structures. Multidisciplinary expertise from orbital surgeons, radiologists, oncologists, and pathologists is paramount in the timely and accurate management...

BACKGROUND: Smoking cessation is a healthcare priority, particularly for those at high risk for lung cancer; however, referrals to smoking cessation programs remain inconsistent.

The lacrimal gland produces the aqueous component of the tear film, and its disease can cause dry eye, pain, proptosis, or diplopia. Lacrimal gland lesions are diverse: roughly half inflammatory, a quarter lymphoproliferative, and a quarter epithelial tumor, with substantial overlap in imaging features. Consequently, tissue sampling remains essential for accurate diagnosis and management. Conventional CT and MR imaging aid in diagnosis and define anatomic extent; correlating imaging with...

CONCLUSION: AML with t(16;21)(p11;q22) is a rare cytogenetic subtype characterized by unique clinical features, with a poor overall prognosis. Although allo-HSCT can improve the prognosis of patients with t(16;21)(p11;q22) AML, there remains a significant risk of relapse. Therefore, there is an urgent need to optimize existing treatment regimens and explore new therapeutic approaches.

Currarino syndrome is a rare condition with an incidence of approximately 1 in 100,000. It is characterised by the triad of a sacral defect, a presacral mass and anal atresia or stenosis, and it is commonly associated with genetic mutations in the MNX1 gene.We report a case of an infant presenting with recurrent right gluteal abscess secondary to an infected sacrococcygeal teratoma, associated with anal stenosis. Extensive workup was performed to investigate for the source of her recurrent...

CONCLUSION: To halt the progression of acute inflammation to chronic inflammation and mitigate its harmful implications, it is essential to reduce the inflammatory response. Efficient management of inflammation is crucial in preventing patient mortality and is thus essential for the treatment and survival of patients with malignancies.

BACKGROUND: Autoimmune limbic encephalitis is a rare condition. Autoimmune limbic encephalitis after COVID-19 infection is rarer. To date, a handful of cases in nonaviation settings have been reported and their serology were negative for antiprotein leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 antibody (LGI-1), save two case reports. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case in aviation environment where positive anti-LGI-1 antibody was detected in serum post-COVID-19 infection.