PolyCystic Ovary Syndrome

Background and objectives Diagnosis and treatment of infertility, mostly sought at tertiary facilities, contribute to substantial out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE). This study estimated OOPE among couples seeking care for endometriosis, male infertility, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), tubal factor, and uterine factor, including costs of diagnosis, management, and intrauterine insemination (IUI). Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted across five tertiary healthcare facilities (three...

CONCLUSION: SCH in PCOS may worsen clinical, hormonal, and metabolic disturbances and is associated with elevated TSH, AR, and POMC gene expression, potentially increasing cardiometabolic and reproductive risks. Key Words: Polycystic ovary syndrome, Subclinical hypothyroidism, Gene expression, Androgen receptor, Proopiomelanocortin.

CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that women with PCOS have an increased overall mortality compared to women without PCOS. Effective strategies to reduce mortality risk in women with PCOS should be investigated.

CONCLUSION: Intervention to mitigate heat exposure during pregnancy, especially in the first trimester, may help reduce the risk of PCOS in offspring. Further research is needed to confirm these associations.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine and metabolic disorder that affects reproductive health, metabolic function, and long-term cardiovascular health in women of reproductive age. The syndrome is characterized by hyperandrogenism, chronic anovulation, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and ovarian microenvironment remodeling. While current treatments focus on symptom relief through hormone regulation, insulin sensitizers, or ovulation induction, there is a need to target...

Nerve Growth Factor (NGF), a member of the neurotrophin family, is currently regarded as a key regulator of ovarian physiology beyond its well-known neurotrophic functions. The mammalian ovary is one of the most highly innervated peripheral organs. Increasing evidence indicates that NGF and its receptors, TrkA and p75NTR, are widely expressed in ovarian tissues. Through the activation of the PI3K/AKT, MAPK/ERK, and PLCγ signaling pathways, NGF influences granulosa cell proliferation,...

Artificial intelligence is transforming reproductive medicine by enabling more nuanced and personalized interpretation of key biomarkers such as anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and inhibin B. While AMH is widely adopted for assessing ovarian reserve, inhibin B-an follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-dependent marker of follicular activity-has been historically underutilized due to its dynamic nature and lack of standardized assays. In this review, we explore how AI-driven tools can integrate these...

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) now known as Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome (PMOS), affects 5-20% of women of reproductive age, it is the leading cause of anovulatory infertility accounting for 70-90% of cases and resulting in lower natural conception rates and a significant contributor to adverse pregnancy outcomes. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, this systematic review synthesized evidence from 2014–2025, evaluating the evolving landscape of PCOS pregnancy management. It explores...

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is increasingly recognized as a complex, multi-system disorder involving interactions among metabolic dysfunction, chronic low-grade inflammation, and neuroendocrine dysregulation, rather than a condition confined to the ovary. While current management strategies primarily target symptomatic manifestations, such as menstrual irregularity, hyperandrogenism, and insulin resistance, they do not directly address the underlying integrative pathways linking the gut...

CONCLUSIONS: In this preliminary study, anti-androgen treatment improved some aspects of facial emotion processing in women with PCOS, which has implications for understanding the mental health aspects of PCOS.

CONCLUSION: The significant AMH rise in women with FHA without PCOM likely reflects restored folliculogenesis. In contrast, the absence of an AMH rise in the PCOM group was expected, given their already elevated baseline levels. Importantly, these findings suggest that pulsatile GnRH therapy does not exacerbate AMH levels in most patients.

CONCLUSION: Several metabolic indices, particularly AIP, are associated with infertility in women with PCOS, though their standalone predictive utility remains limited.

CONCLUSION: These results reveal inconsistencies in pregnancy risks across phenotypes and conception methods, suggesting differences in the underlying mechanisms. The findings challenge the one-size-fits-all approach to pregnancy counseling in PCOS. Incorporating phenotype-specific risk stratification into clinical guidelines could enhance maternal and neonatal outcomes, particularly for high-risk phenotypes. Further research is needed to refine pregnancy care strategies tailored to individual...

This study identified thrombospondin-1 (THBS1) as a potential biomarker for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and its pivotal role in disease pathogenesis through multi-level bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation. By integrating five PCOS-related datasets and applying multiple machine learning techniques, THBS1 was identified as the most specific differentially expressed gene. Clinical sample analysis confirmed significantly elevated THBS1 levels in PCOS patients (p < 0.0001). In...

BackgroundEstradiol-to-oocyte ratio (EOR) was proposed as an assisted reproductive technology (ART) outcome predictor in general population. In women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), hormonal imbalances, especially estradiol and luteinizing hormone (LH) may affect the predictive value of EOR.ObjectivesWe hypothesized that EOR plays a specific predictive role in PCOS and LH activity during ovarian stimulation modulates EOR and ART outcomes.DesignRetrospective cross-sectional...

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) poses a major threat to women of reproductive age and is strongly associated with metabolic and inflammatory abnormalities. Over the past decade, tremendous progress has been made in our understanding of signaling events regulated by mitochondria. Emerging evidence underscores mitochondrial dysfunction as a central pathophysiological hub in PCOS. The intricate crosstalk among mitochondrial dysfunction, ferroptosis, inflammasomes, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER)...

CONCLUSIONS: KISS1 rs4889 and rs5780218 polymorphisms, as well as the G-CT haplotype, are associated with increased odds of PCOS in Indonesian women. These findings support a potential role of upstream neuroendocrine genetic variation in PCOS susceptibility; however, causal inferences cannot be drawn from this cross-sectional study.

This study aimed to conduct computer searches in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, the Cochrane Library, CNKI, VIP, Wanfang, and CBM databases. Literature was screened and data extracted according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. RevMan 5.3 was used to assess the methodological quality of the included studies, while Stata 14.0 was employed to rank the efficacy and safety of the five interventions. This analysis included 20 randomised controlled trials involving a total of 2,400 patients....

The incidence of IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is increasing, and some observational studies reported the potential correlation of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) with the risk of IgAN. We performed a bidirectional Mendelian randomization analysis to determine the causal relationship between PCOS and IgAN. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with PCOS were acquired from 2 genome-wide association studies (GWAS) (Finngen_R9 dataset: 1424 PCOS cases, 392,423 controls; PCOS summary...

INTRODUCTION: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects 5-20% of adolescent females worldwide, yet scalable non-pharmacological interventions remain scarce. Tai Chi, a traditional Chinese mind-body exercise, may address the complex metabolic, reproductive, and psychosocial dimensions of PCOS, but robust randomized controlled trial evidence is lacking.

CONCLUSION: In this large cross-sectional cohort of women with PCOS, thyroid autoimmunity was not associated with an adverse cardiometabolic or androgenic phenotype. Anti-TPO positivity alone therefore does not appear to identify a metabolically high-risk PCOS subgroup under the studied conditions. Prospective studies are needed to clarify the longitudinal implications of thyroid autoimmunity in PCOS.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the main causes of anovulatory infertility in women of reproductive age. The main ovulation induction protocols currently used in clinical practice primarily include letrozole, clomiphene, and gonadotropins. However, some patients may exhibit drug resistance or experience ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). In this article, we report a case of a 28-year-old patient with PCOS who had a normal body mass index (BMI) and normal level of luteinizing...

Trace elements may play a role as initiating environmental factors in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This study was designed to assess the relationship between circulating levels of zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) and the pathophysiological features of PCOS. A cross-sectional study was conducted. Clinical data were recorded and blood samples were taken to analyze biochemical and hormonal parameters. The subgroup of participants defined with abnormal background had body mass excess, insulin...

CONCLUSION: Non-obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome show significantly reduced bone formation and resorption markers, suggesting adverse effects on bone turnover. These findings suggest a low-turnover bone state in non-obese polycystic ovary syndrome women.

CONCLUSION: Angiopoietin-like protein-3 could discriminate metabolic syndrome in polycystic ovary syndrome patients. However, given that the correlation analysis did not find any association between Angiopoietin-like protein-3 and any etiopathogenesis-related characteristic, we think that further research is necessary to determine how it accomplishes this.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous endocrine-metabolic disorder in which reproductive dysfunction coexists with insulin resistance, chronic low-grade inflammation, and heightened oxidative stress (OS). Increasing evidence indicates that these abnormalities are not independent phenomena but components of a self-perpetuating redox-endocrine network that sustains hyperandrogenism, anovulation, and metabolic impairment. This review critically synthesizes experimental, translational,...

CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate compromised embryonic development following repeated ovarian stimulation.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine-metabolic disorder affecting 5.5-11.5% of women of reproductive age. While reduced adiponectin levels have been consistently demonstrated in adult women with PCOS, findings in adolescents remain less clearly defined. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched from inception to 31 October 2025. Observational studies comparing adiponectin...

CONCLUSION: The efficacy prediction model constructed for PCOS-IR treated with acupuncture and moxibustion, combined with conventional regimens, provides an important empirical evidence for identifying beneficiary population and optimizing treatment strategy.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) represents a prevalent endocrine disorder that constitutes a significant threat to female reproductive health. Immune dysregulation and chronic low-grade inflammation are increasingly recognized as pivotal contributors to ovarian dysfunction in this condition. In the present study, we enrolled PCOS patients clinically and established a dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)-induced PCOS mouse model. Our findings revealed elevated levels of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages,...

CONCLUSION: We identified nine hub genes and related gene regulatory networks and discussed novel perspectives on the roles of immunity and inflammation in patients with PCOS and T2DM. Moreover, maraviroc, cenicriviroc, PF-04634817 (targeting CCR5), butein (targeting ITGB2), dimethyl sulfoxide (targeting ITGAM), and rovelizumab (targeting both ITGB2 and ITGAM) are potential therapeutic drugs. However, these findings require validation through further clinical and experimental studies.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2026.1747045.].

CONCLUSION: SZ-A exerts therapeutic effects on PCOS by modulating HPO axis function through multiple pathways.

CONCLUSION: Applying elevated serum AMH (level 2) based on the Rotterdam/IEBG 2023 criteria improved the diagnostic rate of PCOS, particularly in non-obese/overweight patients and relatively older women with milder PCOS phenotypes. This new approach is practical, complementary, and can help overcome limitations of the diagnosis of PCOS and thus expand diagnostic opportunities.

INTRODUCTION: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder among women of reproductive age, typically diagnosed through a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory testing, and ultrasonography. However, this multimodal diagnostic pathway is often time-consuming, costly, and dependent on resource availability, thereby limiting its accessibility in real-world clinical settings.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) stands as a formidable global public health challenge, necessitating advanced diagnostic modalities. Herein, we report the development and multifaceted application of HD-ONOO, an innovative hemicyanine-based fluorescent scaffold engineered for the highly selective, real-time monitoring of peroxynitrite (ONOO^(-))-a pivotal reactive oxygen species (ROS) linked to PCOS pathology. Upon site-specific interaction with ONOO^(-), the probe undergoes a structured...

CONCLUSION: The results imply that T. terrestris may help combat hormonal disruption and oxidative stress in PCOS, but human studies are still required for confirmation.

CONCLUSION: BMD at the lumbar spine and femoral neck was similar between patients with PCOS and controls. Further studies with a larger sample size, longer follow-up periods and fracture data are needed to confirm our findings.

Ovarian function relies on a network of well-coordinated molecular mechanisms that regulate follicular development, oocyte maturation, ovulation, and corpus luteum function. When these processes are disrupted, infertility can result. Extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling represents a central regulatory component in these processes and is essential for follicle rupture and oocyte release. This mechanism involves metalloproteinases (MMPs), mainly MMP-2 and MMP-9, which degrade the ECM and allow...

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine-metabolic disorder characterized by interconnected dysregulation of steroidogenesis and insulin signaling. Multi-target therapeutic strategies are increasingly needed to address its heterogeneous pathophysiology. Methods: An integrative approach combining transcriptomic analysis of GSE137684, including stratification of normoandrogenic and hyperandrogenic PCOS subtypes to capture androgen-related heterogeneity, network...

Obesity is associated with menstrual dysfunction, anovulation, and infertility, particularly in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This narrative review summarizes evidence on the effects of bariatric surgery [focusing on sleeve gastrectomy (SG) Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB)] on female reproductive function and fertility outcomes. Developed according to SANRA (Scale for the Assessment of Narrative Review Articles) principles, a structured search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science...

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is increasingly recognized as a neuro-metabolic disorder involving disrupted signaling between the brain-gut axis and reproductive system. Peptides such as kisspeptin, ghrelin, serotonin, and peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) are emerging as integrators of metabolic and endocrine function, yet their coordinated alterations in PCOS and relevance to metabolic risk remain underexplored. Therefore, we investigated the combined pattern of serum kisspeptin, ghrelin,...

CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that acupuncture therapy could increase the high-quality embryo rate, live birth rate and also the clinical pregnancy rate in PCOS patients undergoing IVF. Acupuncture could reduce the dose and duration of Gn. It also decreased the incidence of OHSS. Based on the result of this meta-analysis, acupuncture therapy is suggested in the IVF process for PCOS patients.

INTRODUCTION: PCOS is the most common disorder encompassing reproductive, metabolic, and endocrine abnormalities, and has an increased risk of adverse pregnancy and neonatal complications, such as miscarriage, gestational diabetes mellitus, and preterm birth. Many studies suggested that oocyte quality is compromised in patients with PCOS compared to those without PCOS. To systematically characterize the follicular fluid (FF) proteomic landscape and identify potential biomarkers for oocyte...

CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome among adolescents underscores the need for standardized diagnostic approaches. Improved understanding of clinical and hormonal profiles in this population can facilitate earlier and more accurate diagnosis, enabling timely preventive and therapeutic interventions to reduce long-term metabolic and reproductive complications.

Women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) face an elevated risk of developing metabolic syndrome (MetS) after delivery. Early identification of high-risk individuals is essential to prevent long-term metabolic and cardiovascular complications, yet predictive tools for postpartum MetS remain scarce. To develop and validate a nomogram-based model for estimating postpartum MetS risk in women with GDM using routine clinical and laboratory data. This retrospective cohort study included 522 GDM...

CONCLUSION: Daily steps exhibits a beneficial association with lipid and body fat metabolism in PCOS patients without obesity, making it a viable indicator for quantifying physical activity that can be incorporated into PCOS patient management.

This observational study was designed to establish and validate a stigma prediction model for patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The stigma risk scoring table for overweight and obese patients with PCOS has good predictive ability. When an overweight or obese patient with PCOS presents, the prediction model allows clinic staff to rapidly grade hirsutism, acne, and acanthosis, determine fertility desire, and quantify anxiety. Low-risk patients then receive standard care, whereas...

CONCLUSION: LAP represent as a cost-effective, simple, and a better proxy indicator for screening MetS in the PCOS population.

Ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) play a crucial role in follicle development and hormone production. These functions require substantial energy, supported by mitochondrial activity and balanced lipid metabolism. RAB5 is known to maintain mitochondrial homeostasis; however, its role in regulating lipid metabolism via the energy-sensing AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway remains unclear. In polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a disorder often linked to metabolic and mitochondrial defects in...